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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Traumatic stress
is different
from other types of stress because the individual’s
existence is
physically and
emotionally threatened and s/he is unable
to escape. While environmental
threats such as hurricanes can be terrifying,
in many cases they appear to
cause
less ill effects than do human-caused traumas.
Victims are usually able to
anticipate natural disasters and make attempts
to avoid harm. Events or
"stressors" that underlie the
development of PTSD include threat of death;
physical abuse; deprivation; torture; isolation;
forced incarceration
(captivity);
and witnessing the loss, death or threat
of death to a loved one. All
elephants in
captivity have experienced most, if not all,
of these events."
The articles below focus on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in elephants:
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No Longer a Mind of Our Own